What is p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)?

P-Aminobenzoic acid , often abbreviated as PABA , is an organic compound belonging to the B vitamin group , although it is not an essential vitamin in the strictest sense. It was formerly considered a component of the "vitamin B complex" (sometimes referred to as "vitamin B10"), but it is now known that the human body does not necessarily require PABA , as it can obtain it from other metabolic pathways.

PABA occurs naturally in many foods and is also synthesized by gut bacteria . It plays an important role in folic acid metabolism , skin health , and as an antioxidant . Furthermore, PABA is known as a UV-absorbing substance and was used in sunscreens for a long time before more modern alternatives were introduced.

How does p-aminobenzoic acid work in the body?

1. Contribution to folic acid production and cell division:

PABA is a natural component of the folic acid molecule (vitamin B9) and therefore plays an indirect role in DNA synthesis and cell division .

In the human body, PABA is not directly involved in folic acid synthesis, as humans must obtain folic acid through their diet – unlike bacteria, which use PABA to produce folic acid themselves. Nevertheless, an adequate intake of PABA can support the gut flora in producing folic acid, which in turn promotes cell metabolism, blood formation, and energy production .

2. Support for skin and hair pigmentation:

PABA is often associated with healthy skin and natural hair color . It supports the production of melanin , the pigment that gives skin and hair their color.

Some older studies suggested that PABA might help slow down or partially reverse premature graying of the hair , especially when taken with folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid . While this effect has not been fully scientifically proven, PABA remains a popular ingredient in hair and skin supplements .

3. Antioxidant effect:

PABA acts as a free radical scavenger and protects cells from oxidative stress caused by UV radiation, environmental toxins, or metabolic processes.

Due to its antioxidant properties, PABA contributes to maintaining cell integrity and slowing down aging processes .

4. UV protection and skin care:

PABA absorbs UVB radiation and was therefore used for decades as a sunscreen in cosmetics. It offers effective protection against sun-induced skin damage, but has been largely replaced in modern formulations due to potential skin irritation and allergic reactions . Today, PABA is primarily found in after-sun products, skincare products, and antioxidant formulas .

5. Supporting the gut flora:

PABA is used by healthy gut bacteria (e.g., BE coli) to synthesize folic acid . In this way, it indirectly contributes to maintaining a stable gut flora and to nutrient production in the digestive system .

Advantages of p-aminobenzoic acid

  • Supports folic acid metabolism and cell regeneration
  • Promotes healthy skin and natural hair color
  • It has an antioxidant effect and protects cells from free radicals.
  • Contributes to protection against UV-induced skin damage
  • Supports gut flora and digestion
  • Can promote regeneration and tissue health
  • Supports energy production and metabolism

Recommended daily intake

There is no official recommended daily intake for PABA, as it is not considered an essential vitamin.

In dietary supplements, 30–100 mg are usually used daily , sometimes up to 500 mg per day in therapeutic applications.

Since PABA is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, a deficiency is rare and usually only occurs when the intestinal flora is destroyed due to antibiotics .

Natural sources of PABA

  • Liver (beef, chicken)
  • whole grain products
  • eggs
  • Milk
  • Spinach, broccoli
  • Mushrooms
  • Rice, wheat germ
  • Yeast products
  • Brewer's yeast

Deficiency symptoms

PABA deficiency is rare, but can be caused by long-term antibiotic use , an unbalanced diet , or disturbed intestinal flora .

Possible symptoms:

  • Fatigue, irritability
  • Digestive problems
  • Dry or sensitive skin
  • Premature graying of the hair
  • Reduced stress resistance

Overdose and safety

PABA is considered very safe in moderate amounts.

However, high doses (over 2–3 g per day) can lead to nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite or liver strain .

In sensitive skin, PABA – when applied externally – can trigger allergies or photodermatitis , which is why it is now mostly replaced in sunscreens.

Conclusion

P-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a versatile, vitamin-like substance that supports skin, hair, gut flora, and cell health . Although the body does not absolutely need PABA, it benefits from its antioxidant and regenerative properties , which make it particularly valuable for skincare, hair health, and overall well-being .

In combination with other B vitamins – especially folic acid, biotin and pantothenic acid – PABA can make a positive contribution to healthy cell function, energy and external appearance .

Sources

  1. Combs GF Jr., McClung JP. (2017): The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health . 5th edition. Academic Press.
  2. Klotz LO, et al. (2014): The vitamin-like compound para-aminobenzoic acid: biosynthesis, biochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Int J Vitam Nutr Res , 84(1-2), 1-10.
  3. Weiser H. (1980): P-Aminobenzoic acid and its influence on metabolism. Z Ernährungswiss , 19(2), 133–142.
  4. Draelos ZD. (2010): Cosmeceuticals containing herbs: fact, fiction, and future. Dermatol Clin , 28(1), 145–149.